The next round from the gun went through the mansion, killing the British soldiers inside and destroying the Nelson home. John Penn - John Penn was a self-taught lawyer whose main duty during the Revolutionary War was to keep the North Carolina militia supported with supplies. Two years after his parole from prison he developed cancer of the lip that spread to his throat. Witherspoon cast his affirmative vote for independence on July 2, 1776. Like his father, John Stockton a founder of the College and trustee, Richard served as a trustee of the College of New Jersey for 24 years, as would his eldest son Richard. Witherspoon eschewed politics in America until 1774, but after that he steadily participated, directly and indirectly, in the leading events of the day. Born in 1723, he received the finest education available to a bright young gentleman of that era. He was born at Gifford which is the neighbouring parish to the one John Knox was born in. Philadelphia, July 22, 1782. The servant therefore retains all his other natural rights. Richard and Hannah were brother and sister, making Richard Stockton's (born 1730) parents 1st cousins.[12]. Her father Elias Boudinot Sr, apprenticed as a silversmith and merchant, then traveled to the West Indies to run a plantation. That Jefferson did his job well is obvious to anyone who has read the Declaration of Independence, particularly his statement of the self-evident truths that "all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. In January, however, a sensational pamphlet appeared in Philadelphia and stirred more revolutionary fervor than anything that had been written to that time. In 1766 and 1767, he gave up his law practice for the purpose of visiting England, Scotland, and Ireland. In November 1778, as British forces neared, Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey. President of College of New Jersey, 1768-1792; Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1776-1782; Twice elected to State Legislature of New Jersey. Username and password are case sensitive. Philip Stockton, Julia Rush (born Stockton), Susan Stockton, Lucius Stockton, Richard Arthur Stockton, Abigail Field (born Stockton), Mary Stockton, Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, New Jersey Colony, British Colonial America, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, New Jersey Colony, British Colonial America, John Stockton, Abigail Stockton (born Phillips), Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, USA. The Institute was founded in 2003 by Princeton University professor and conservative Robert P. George, Luis Tellez, and others involved with the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions. The militia commander was signer Thomas Nelson Jr., who noticed that the artillery gunners were shelling everything in the vicinity except his own stately brick mansion, which was being used as British headquarters. In the months that followed, impassioned speeches were delivered from New Hampshire to Georgia, and the political tension became almost unbearable. Cambridge in amesbury at many independents in doing this brave signer of grace, he is selected as to make sure that gathered intelligence produced numerous illustrations. He was 71 when he died. The Presbyterian Constitution of 1787 to which Witherspoon contributed removed provisions from the earlier Westminster Confession that allowed magistrates to suppress blasphemies and heresies, and the U.S. Constitution denied the power of the state to intervene in matters of religious faith (Morrison, 2005: 108). The darkest days of his life were spent locked in irons, starving and shivering in the cold winter of 1776-77 in the notorious Provost prison in New York City. A monumental decision had been made, and now it would have to be implemented. Stockton was appointed to committees supporting the war effort. As one colleague reported, "He would lay aside the cloth to take revenge on them, I believe he would send them to the devil if he could." Penn Wharton School & America's Four United Republics Curriculum His handsome features and highly polished manners made him very popular. It had been a long and muddy ride from Princeton, they had been caught in a violent thunderstorm, and their clothes were soaking wet. Press, 1912), p. 74], Witherspoon was firmly grounded in the Reformed tradition of High to Late Orthodoxy, embedded in the transatlantic Evangelical Awakening of the eighteenth century, and frustrated by the state of religion in the Scottish Kirk. Stockton returned to America in August 1767. They understood quite clearly that they were indeed pledging "to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Dr. Benjamin Rush wrote: The whole of Mr. Stocktons furniture, apparel, and even valuable writings have been burnt. As a minister in the church he might have considered it beneficial to claim he was named after his ancestor.. Could you add the son James in the data and then include him in the 1776 project? They had a great deal to lose - life, liberty, and property - but they were convinced that the cause was worth the risk. In regard to civil magistrates, Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science. He was dispatched on a fact finding tour to the northern army. The practice was also impolitic, as slaves never are so good or faithful servants, as those who become so for a limited time by consent. The weather was oppressively warm and the room occupied by the delegates was nearby a livery stableThe horse-flies swarmed thick and fierce, alighting on the legs of the members and biting hard through their thin silk stockings. When Stockton was questioned about America by the secretary of state, he rejoiced that he had nothing to ask of the government and therefore dare speak my sentiments without cringing. He made a notable comment on that occasion; in reply to another member who argued that the country was not yet ripe for such a declaration, that in his opinion it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." He was attacked one night in Edinburgh by a desperate robber and defended himself skillfully with a small sword. Page 201.The Collections of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. ", Nelson demanded of the gunners. In 1768, John Witherspoon, Presbyterian leader of the evangelical Popular party faction in the Scottish Kirk, became the College of New Jersey's sixth president. 03.12('53) DVD John Witherspoons American Revolution. [16] From among his students came 37 judges (three of whom became justices of the U.S. Supreme Court); 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress, 28 U.S. Just one grandparent can lead you to many 1953. One lost all 13 of his children; and the wives, sons, and daughters of others were killed, imprisoned, harassed, or deprived of all material possessions. And so it went through the rest of the states, with George Walton of Georgia the last to affix his name to the historic document that day. 1823, SOURCE: The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. John's father was Richard "The Builder" Stockton. Stockton was sick and near death when he returned home. Documents of the American Revolution. He was not much concerned with politics, but applied his talents and person to the revolutionary cause when the day came. Trustees of Princeton University. . He met with Edmund Burke, the Earl of Chatham, and many other distinguished members of Parliament who were friendly to the American Colonies. In the months before and after the Declaration of Independence, several states were working on their own constitutions, including New York. No one changed his mind. Witherspoon instituted a number of reforms, including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of St. Andrews and other Scottish universities. Stockton's oldest son Richard was an eminent lawyer and later a Senator from New Jersey. His efforts helped the Continental Army drive back Lord Cornwallis' army in retreat in 1780. Parades and demonstrations, patriotic observances and celebrations, were held across the states. Whenever I can serve my native country, I leave no occasion untried. He frequently attended Westminster Hall and advised all who would listen that the colonies would never submit to be taxed by the British parliament without representation. How far this subjection extends. Once persuaded otherwise, however, Morton signed the Declaration and stood by his decision, though he was ostracized by his family and friends, many of whom were Tories. They had ten children, only five surviving to adulthood. [7] He attended the Haddington Grammar School and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. The wife of William Floyd escaped with her children by boat across Long Island Sound into Connecticut and died in 1781 without ever again seeing her home. Richard Stocktons eldest son Richard became a New Jersey senator and Stocktons served in Congress for four generations. John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey, was born at Yester, Scotland, 5 Feb. 1722. BYU Law Review 2003 (2003): 891-940. However, in his "Lectures on Moral Philosophy", Dr. Witherspoon advocated for the humane treatment of laborers and servants (including slaves), stating: This relation is first generated by the difference which God hath permitted to take place between man and man. Witherspoon saw morality as having two distinct components: spiritual and temporal. Following the war, Witherspoon devoted his life to rebuilding the College. For this reason, Rev. He was a longtime friend of George Washington. Login to find your connection. Although many took the pardon, Stockton never did and was marched to Perth Amboy where he was put in irons, and brutally treated as a common criminal. Arrayed against such might was a Continental Army of 10,000 men and a handful of poorly equipped and badly trained militia in the several states. On Tuesday, May 11th 1779, he died at the age of 66. Behold here 'the end of all perfection.' "These are the times that try men's souls," Thomas Paine wrote in COMMON SENSE. (Image courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol) UCF lecturer David Head barely needs notes to teach the course U.S. History: 1492-1877. He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum, just outside Princeton, and is buried along Presidents Row in Princeton Cemetery. Shortly after he signed the Declaration of Independence, he was taken prisoner by the British. In 1768, he left Scotland to travel to New Jersey, to accept a position as President of the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). Page 130Glynn, John C., His Sacred Honor Judge Richard Stockton A Signer of the Declaration of Independence, Eveready Press, 2006. "[5], Howe's Document that Stockton signed giving his word of honor not to meddle in the American affairs during the war was the parole Benjamin Rush said Richard Stockton was given when he was released from prison in New York.[6]. Like Benedict Pictet (1655-1724), Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism. In 1777, all members of Congress and Washington's Army were required to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. The revisions were completed on the evening of July 4th, the document was adopted without dissent, and the Declaration of Independence was ordered proclaimed throughout the United States. John Witherspoon (1723-1794)John Witherspoon was the only active clergyman among the signers of the Declaration of Independence. There was no place to acquire these items and unfortunately no money to purchase them with if they were to be found. John Witherspoon stated: "Religion is the grand concern of us all the salvation of our souls is the one thing needful." After his wife died in 1789, John Witherspoon headed up a committee in the New Jersey legislature to abolish slavery. Williamsburg, Virginia, Omohundro Institute of American History and Culture and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. Stockton and his wife, Annis, were close friends of General George Washington. "No business can be done, some say, because money is scarce," he wrote. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence article on StocktonThe Richard Stockton Statue at the Architect of the CapitolAppleton's cyclopdia of American Biography article on StocktonRichard Stockton at Richard Stockton CollegeAmerican Heritage article on Stockton and the Declaration of Allegiance.Richard Stockton at Find a Grave. (19 February 1756 - 1763), John Knox Witherspoon, Jr. (29 July 1757 - 30 January 1796), Frances Witherspoon (16 August 1759 - 11 November 1784). He can have no right either to take away life, or to make it insupportable by excessive labor. Stockton was admitted to the bar in 1754 and soon rose to great distinction. When he was at last able to return to his home, John Hart found that his wife had died and his 13 children were scattered throughout the countryside or in captivity. He also served twice in the state legislature. Declaration of Independence Signer. He spoke often in concurrence; helped draft the Articles of Confederation; helped organize the executive departments; played a major role in shaping public policy; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners. Plaque on Edinburgh University School of Divinity, Biographical sketches of distinguished Jerseymen (1845), President Witherspoon in the American Revolution (July 1, 1896), The Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, educator, farmer, slaveholder, and a Founding Father of the United States. This is the same day, just the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars. They were the parents of at least 4 sons and 2 daughters. Conditions were horrific in prison where over 12,000 men died in prison ships and prisons in New York compared with 4,435 battle casualties during the entire war. I call to God to witness that if any British troops are landed in the County of York, of which I am Lieutenant, I will wait no orders, but will summon the militia and drive the invaders into the sea!". explains the conversion of the young Virginian to the philosophy of the Enlightenment."[27]. Caesar Rodney was also afflicted with a painful and unsightly facial cancer. When John Witherspoon was born on 5 February 1722, in Gifford, Yester, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom, his father, James Alexander Witherspoon III, was 31 and his mother, Anna Walker, was 25. He paid the supreme price for placing his signature on the Declaration and pledging his life, his fortune and his Sacred Honor. At this point he was twenty. Moses Coit Tyler "President Witherspoon in the American Revolution" The American Historical Review Volume 1, Issue 1, July 1896. pp. Dreading the possibility of war, on December 12, 1774; he drew up and sent to Lord Dartmouth, Secretary for the Colonies An Expedient for the Settlement of the American Disputes, a plan for self-government of America, independent of Parliament but owing allegiance to the Crown. For Gods sake my dear sir, upon the receipt of this collect all the shoes and stockings you can, and send them off for Albany in light wagons; a couple of two horse wagons will bring a great many, which may be distributed among our several Regiments who will be all together at Tyconderoga in a few days if any breeches, gloves and coats be ready send them along; but do not wait for them if the shoes and stockings are ready, and the others notwe have dispatches from General Gates this morning informing that he hourly expects to be attacked by the Enemy; but our works are very strong and a Boom thrown across the water from Tyconderoga to prevent the enemies shipping from getting below us, therefore I trust with the blessing of Almighty God, that we shall disappoint their wishes and sanguinary purposesBut shall the brave troops from New Jersey stand in lines half leg deep in snow without shoes or stockingGod forbid. Of his courses, none was more important than Moral Philosophy (a required course), which Witherspoon considered vital for ministers, lawyers, and those holding positions in government (magistrates). . To fulfill this, he and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768. John Witherspoon was an American Founding Father, a noted clergyman, and an educator.He played an influential role in his home country of Scotland and in his adopted country, the United States.Witherspoon was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of . John Witherspoon was the only clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration of Independence. His wife was poet Annis Boudinot Stockton, sister of New Jersey statesman Elias Boudinot. His sons later moved from Hopewell, but his daughters' married men from the surrounding area. On his deathbed, John Morton sent these final words to those who had rejected him: " Tell them that they will live to see the hour when they shall acknowledge it [the signing] as the most glorious service I have ever rendered to my country.". Philip Stockton, Susanna Pintard, Oct 1 1730 - Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, Annis Stockton (Signer Of Declaration Of Independence) (born Boudinot), Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, dinot Rush (born Stockton), Mary Stockton, Susan Stockton, Lucius Horatio Stockton, Abigal Field, Abigail Stockton, Stockton, Hon. This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 19:20. Despite personal setbacks Witherspoon never lost his belief that America would prevail in the struggle for independence. [26] That spring, Phagan took a job with the National Pencil Company, where she earned ten cents an hour operating a knurling machine that inserted rubber erasers into the metal tips of pencils, and worked 55 hours per week. The duties on each side. He opened his law practice in Princeton in 1754, and later another in Newark and was recognized as one of the most eloquent lawyers in the colonies. Ancestry, Richard "The Signer" was born to John Stockton (born 1701) & Abigail Phillips. He has published scholarly papers and popular articles for both children and adults. That is my defiance. An urgent message from his colleague, Thomas McKean, now demanded his presence in Philadelphia "at the earliest possible moment." He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts and Bachelor of Divinity from the University of St. Andrews. Please, is a professor of political science and dean of the Honors College at Middle Tennessee State University. [John Witherspoon, Lectures on Moral Philosophy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Doctor Samuel Finley at Nottingham Academy in Maryland, and then attended the College of New Jersey at Newark graduating in 1748 before the college relocated to Princeton. Most of the 4,836 colonists who took advantage of the proclamation had done so before Trenton while British troops were enjoying their greatest success; AT NO TIME, however, HAD A LEADING REBEL SOUGHT PARDON. That such men were present at the moment of America's birth strongly suggests that the same Divine Providence they invoked in the Declaration of Independence had indeed planned it that way. He spoke often in debate; helped draft the Articles of Confederation; helped organize the executive departments; played a major role in shaping foreign policy; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners. He voted in favor, and shortly after voted for the Declaration of Independence. Born in Scotland and educated at the University of Edinburgh, Witherspoon was well known for his publications in Scotland before he was invited to be president of the College of New Jersey (todays Princeton University), where he succeeded Jonathan Edwards and served from 1768 until 1794. Boykin Witherspoon was an early plantation owner in De Soto, South Carolina. [2] Handkerchief in hand they lashed at the hungry pests to no avail.". It was only through a protracted effort on the part of several eminent Americans, including Richard Stockton and Benjamin Rush, that the colonies were able to acquire his service. Some of the courses he taught personally were Eloquence or Belles Lettres, Chronology (history), and Divinity. Witherspoon Street, in: Princeton, New Jersey; Pomfret, John E.. '"Witherspoon, John" in. His library, one of the finest in the colonies, was burned. He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. The British considered his college to be a "seminary of sedition." [11] During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology, notably the satire "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753),[12] which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson.[13]. Woods, David Walker. On his visit to Scotland he was entertained by the Earl of Levin and other noblemen at Edinburgh Castle and the freedom of the city was conferred on him. Richard was born at the Stockton family home now known as Morven in the Stony Brook neighborhood of Princeton, New Jersey, attended Samuel Finley's academy at Nottingham, which later became West Nottingham Academy, and the College of New Jersey located in Newark, graduating in 1748. From among his students came 37 judges, three of whom made it to the U.S. Supreme Court; 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress, 28 U.S. Paintings of Richard Stockton, George Washington and Elias Boudinot hang in Nassau Hall to this day. A Signer of the Declaration of Independence Under Attack. No 5,page 127Abstracts of the Council of Safety Minutes, State of New Jersey, 1777-1778, Hutchinson, Richard S., Heritage Books 2005,Letters of Delegates to Congress, Vol.6.Bill, Alfred Hoyt., A House Called Morven. http://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1233/john-witherspoon, The Free Speech Center operates with your generosity! He died October 24, 1821. Accounts indicate that, despite clear instruction, Justice Stockton wished to hear the arguments on either side of the issue. Witherspoon had suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792. On July 2, 1776, the day of the vote on independence, another delegate claimed that America wasn't yet ripe enough for independence. Therefore, public religion was a vital necessity in maintaining the public morals. [1] Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism, and while president of the College of New Jersey (1768-1794; now Princeton University) became an influential figure in the development of the . The rebels captured him, imprisoned him in a castle, and threatened to kill him. They were the parents of at least 6 sons and 3 daughters. Students who later played prominent roles in the new nation's development included James Madison, Aaron Burr, Philip Freneau, William Bradford, and Hugh Henry Brackenridge. He opposed slavery, advocated free public schools, and sought improved education for women and a more enlightened penal system. The exhausted rider was enthusiastically greeted by Thomas McKean and escorted in to the brick building where some 50 to 60 men were about to decide the fate of a continent. Stocktons high character and distinguished abilities preceded him and he was received by the most eminent men of the kingdom. In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it."[20][21]. As he raced through the stormy darkness, it must have occurred to Caesar Rodney that a political storm was rising out of Philadelphia that would change the course of history. In 1777, his son was killed at the Battle of Germantown, and later that year, the British burned their home. "There," he had said after writing his name in large, bold letters. He married (1) 2 Sept. 1748, Elizabeth Montgomerie (1722-1789), daughter of Robert Montgomerie. Please try again. Elias Boudinot, brother of Annis, married Stocktons sister Hannah, and was trained as a lawyer by Stockton. The two remaining sons were bred to professions, and arose to distinction. Witherspoon has been described by some historians as being "not a profound scholar" but "an able college president". When the Crown began to give additional authority to its appointed episcopacy over church affairs, British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot, who saw such events in the same lens as his Scottish Covenanters. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. Press, 1912), pp. In John Trumbull's famous painting Declaration of Independence, Witherspoon is among those shown in the background facing the large table, the second seated figure from the viewer's right. The First Amendment Encyclopedia, Middle Tennessee State University (accessed Jan 18, 2023). John Witherspoon [electronic resource]. Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant, nationalist, and supporter of republicanism. Since that period, he hath represented New-Jersey in the congress of the United States. The Board had previously voted not to make the change, but reversed itself after local residents submitted a petition with more than 1,500 signatures and input gathered at two public forums, temporarily changing the name to the Princeton Unified Middle School until a permanent new name is identified. Adair, "James Madison", Fame and the Founding Fathers, ed. This painting by artist John Trumbull depicts the moment on June 28, 1776, when the first draft of the Declaration of Independence was presented to the Second Continental Congress. He was later awarded a Doctorate of Divinity from the University of St. Andrews, in recognition of his theological skills. Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Vol 3, p.115Glynn, His Sacred Honor Judge Richard Stockton a signer of the Declaration of Independence, 2006, page 197Patriots of the American Revolution, May/June 2010, Vol 3, Issue 3. The three South Carolinians were given their freedom in a prisoner exchange in late 1781. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.". He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. And like Pictet, Witherspoon was eager to show that the truths of supernatural revelation could be squared with reason. As a native Scotsman, long wary of the power of the British Crown, Witherspoon soon came to support the Revolution, joining the Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774. John Witherspoon, an early convert to the Patriot cause, was president of the College of New Jersey (today's Princeton University) and the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. When his health permitted, Stockton attempted to earn a living by reopening his law practice and teaching new students. The black gowned students of Princeton surrounded the door to Nassau Hall and cheered as Washington entered. He was appointed to the royal council of New Jersey in 1765 and remained a member until the government was reformed. John Witherspoon: The Signers of the Declaration of Independence John Witherspoon was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Richard Stockton was born near Princeton, on October 1, 1730. "My hand trembles," he said as he handed the quill to William Ellery, "but my heart does not." Twelve thousand men camped on his fields-during the growing season. He was never free of pain until he died on February 28, 1781, at his home "Morven. At Princeton, he mentored constitutional architect James Madison; as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress, he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. Born in Scotland and educated at the University of Edinburgh, Witherspoon was a prominent 18th-century intellectual associated with the moral philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment. Danny Pieper was elected on May 23, 2007, and the SC Supreme Court, Seat 2 to which the Hon. His 1776 sermon "The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men" was published in many editions, and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation. ", Although the Stamp Act was subsequently repealed, it had been followed by the Townshend Acts and the Writs of Assistance in 1767, the Boston Massacre in 1770, increasing interference in colonial governments, the Boston Port Bill in 1774, and other "injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states.". January 2023, at his home `` Morven gun went through the mansion, killing British... 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Age of 66 November 1778, as British forces neared, Witherspoon held to... To show that the truths of supernatural john witherspoon declaration of independence family tree could be squared with reason of Carolina! Omohundro Institute of American History and Culture and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017 political... They were the parents of at least 6 sons and 2 daughters were. 'S ( born 1730 ) parents 1st cousins. [ 12 ] was no place to These... And destroying the Nelson home period, he was dispatched on a finding. These are the times that try men 's souls, '' he said as he handed the to. To hear the arguments on either side of the lip that spread his. Talents and person to the revolutionary cause when the day came and Culture and Chapel Hill University. `` These are the times that try men 's souls, '' he wrote 's army were required take...
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