This "Watered down" version was the one that spread to Japan, USA, and worldwide. Okinawan Shorin Ryu karate has many sub-styles, amongst which Matsubayashi-Ryu is the most common one. I agree 100% The only weapon associated with our style is the Japanese sword and that is because of our Jujutsu roots. As a matter of fact the more think about it, I remember one of my Isshinryu Instructors saying that if he wanted to kick someone in the face. Regards from South Africa. It always surprises me when someone puts out an article on a blog, however, that posters respond so personally. Seisan, 5. Kanryo Higaonna (1853-1915) was known as the highest authority of Naha Te. Just got a little defensive I suppose? Keep a distance of maximum one shoulder width between the front and rear legs. 2. One of my opinions is that traditional karate is very sophisticated. Your rear foot's toes and ball of the foot touches the ground. olympic referee head kicking [etc].. So when I later started practicing okibawan karate, I already knew how to move, punch and kick, and I didn't have to learn everything from the beginning. Stances and focus of the Seiyo Shorin-Ryu Karate system should allow a karate practitioner to gain enough focus over time to generate one punch knock out power. No. Thanks everyone for your help and keep the hard work. I practice Shotokan, simply because that was the style that most dojo' taught when I started on my journey. Under the leadership of World Chief Instructor, Sensei Tetsuji Nakamura and his International Executive committee, IOGKF International is committed to preserving the intangible cultural treasure of Okinawan Goju-Ryu Karate-Do, which has been passed down to us . At the lower belts, it feels similar to Japanese Karate, but as you start approaching shodan you are more exposed to some dangerous stuff. The energy of your body, your movement, also the power of your spirit, your concentration. that should have said "southern white tiger was one of the styles". Awesome experience, we did our own training at the Budokan. When you're trained primarily individually, you will get used to your instructor and how he does things and that's it. ThereforeUechi-ryuis also heavily influenced by the kung fu from Fujian province. Lets put it this way. Ive noticed that for some time, a lot of dojo's are trying to go "the old ways" like the kissakikai movement. emailE='martinjutras.com' *Kara Karate Stances - A Perfect Karate Foundation, Arizona Hombu Dojo - School of Traditional Karate & Kobudo, Top-Rated Okinawan Karate, Kobudo & Self-Defense in Chandler, Gilbert, Mesa, Arizona, International Training Center in Mesa, Arizona Focuses on Traditional Martial Arts, Arizona Karate - Nobody in Arizona Does it Better, Arizona Karate Instructor Nominated for Man of Year, About Arizona Martial Arts, Schools, Instructors, Styles and Classes, Picking a Martial Arts School in the Phoenix Valley, NUNTEI BO: Okinawa Fishing License for Traditional Karate and Kobudo, Breaking Rocks - Arizona Martial Arts Instructor, Geologist & Author Loves to Teach, ADULT Karate Classes: Mesa & Gilbert, East Valley Phoenix, Arizona's Adult & Family Karate and Self-Defense Classes, Traditional Martial Arts - A Path of Peace, Mesa, Arizona Self-Defense Class taught by Hall-of-Fame Grandmaster (Professor of Martial Arts). Feet are about two shoulder widths apart, feet are open at a 45 angle. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. Have you ever seenthe famous one-inch punch by Bruce Lee? | Noth'n wrong with a little jostl'n over which style is better. I have always wanted to go back and get a higher belt (not that the belt really matters). Now itlooks like: my ideas about "kime" seems to be much closer to the okinawan idea of chinkuchi, as the interpretations of other karatekas (who seems to focusing on the stopping/arresting part of kime, and not of transferring energy to the target)? 6. Todd Litzy. If it wasn't for Funakoshi's (Shotokan)first steps of demonstrating and propagating Karate to the public, who knows when would it see the "daylight". There was a coincident move toward using traditional karate training to promote social objectives. Great article!!! Helps me to clear up a couple of Aikido partners which I tried to explain these diference. One thing I can say is Jesse made a general statement, that applies to, I'd say, 90% of Japanese Karate. Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. Sport & sport fighting is a physical exercise. For the record, I do believe that certain karate styles are better than others. Shotokan to me, is very big on physical conditioning. But if you're just going through a routine in kata, then exactly how does knowing that help you? Keep up the good work on the blog and with the Seishin Gi business. Great Post!!!! locking and suchlike are against 'the rules'.. In some styles, yes, and in some styles, no. Do you know the difference between Okinawan Karate &Japanese Karate? *school teachers train in traditi *Karate & Kobudo go hand in hand as both use the same hand and foot Just curious: Partial or total reproduction or republication is strictly forbidden. In the 90's we had three from the Dojo, where I began my training, who were world rated professional kick boxers, long before MMA. Any insight into how you're finding the balance would be appreciated! get back to training hard. Karate Stances - Japanese Terms "Dachi" or "Tachi" means stance in Japanese, and describes primarily the position of the feet in various Karate stances. You would quickly lose students if your classes were too large. Yes Unlike Judo, Kyudo, Kendo etc. There is no place in contemporary Karate for different styles. I am a fairly tall person and being pushed by my sensei into loooong zenkuchi dachis and very deeep shiko dachis just didn't sit well for me. I practice Chibana-lineage Shorin-Ryu, and also study KishimotoDi, which is a Shuri-Te system that was not involved with Itosu and his alterations. This contrasting experience has really helped me to get more from my karate. Shimabukuro OSensei was very big on the why and used "osu" when leading Kihon Kandan and drills. Please clickherefor a list of Goju-ryu dojos we offer training at. to the extent of changing the kata [eg first waza and bunkai Unsubscribe? Sone things were new, of course. Keep your front leg in front of you, with your foot pointing forward. The facts are correct, but I think this is mainly true in Shotokan and some related styles. Then kata. Ah, c'mon, man. As in everything else, smaller class sizes tend to be best. To sensei Funakishi, shotokan karate was a way of life. You should check out the Okinawan Traditional Karate Liaison Bureau website: http://okkb.org/ - they arrange training visits in Okinawa. He was born in Shuri and started practicing Shuri-te at the age of 12. Because that was the goal when Karate was introduced to the various universities around Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto in the middle of the 20th century. Greeting. It also has higher stances and teaches throws and locks. OSU! Wrong! Personally, I don't care for the Japanese styles of traditional karate. This gearis still being used in Okinawan Karate today. Appreciated. (5) Just as certainly, I don't see the punching to a point as the only way to project power into the target. The stance is shin length and around two fist widths wide, with both legs slightly bent, the front foot facing straight forward and the back foot pointed outward at about 20-30 degrees. The Okinawan karate stances are meant to be practical for self-defense by being natural and quick. My post was to explain the facts as they apply to my style of Japanese Karate and correct the errors stated in the article. Kushanku kata bunkai Japanese Karate, on the other hand, is often more focused on the How rather than the Why. Despite balancing the two styles, do you find yourself having a tendency to prefer Japanese to Okinawan, or Okinawan to Japanese? So you have to experience both. It will also help to wear a comfortable and flexible attire such as a Karate uniform (Gi). Jesse, My mind ends up bouncing back and forth and if makes any sense at all it is too complicated for the lesser informed. It is inaccurate to say that all Okinawan karate has high stances. Like you, I can point out differences or alternate views. He chose to name the school using the first kanji characters from both masters names Matsu () and the style is pronounced in Japanese Matsubayashi (). Traditional Okinawan Goju-Ryu Karate With Morio Higaonna: Stances & Footwork No views Sep 27, 2022 BLACK BELT MAGAZINE (OFFICIAL) 288K subscribers Traditional Okinawan Goju-Ryu Karate. A take off on the WHY / HOW principle set out in the article is that if we really understand our own karate style, including comparisons against other styles, this can only [help] make us more effective in actual practice. Hello sir, I really liked this article and I wanted to request your permission to translate it into spanish and post it to a public Facebook Karate page. I really like your article The word "karate" (/krti/; Pronunciation in Japan: [ (listen) kaate] Pronunciation in Okinawan: [ kaati) is a Ryukyu Kingdom-developed martial art. I doubt there is a big difference in our approach to separating sport karate from the true meaning of Budo. I would argue against claims that Shotokan is for mass training rather than individual training. For people without good fundamentals and understanding the "how" and the "why" are equally important. First of all, the movements are so damn strenuous and need lots of corrections in order to do with the correct form and proper execution. My belief is that all styles should be amalgamated into one, so that Karate may orderly progress into mans future. As I have said we are based in Jujutsu. As a student of natural history as well as Karate I do have to argue with one point though "A growing bamboodoes not compete with the bamboonext to it". It would be nice to know what they look like and a bit of history. He is one of the pioneers who made karate a part of the modern Okinawan school curriculum. Because they practice Kobudo the art of handling Karates ancient combat tools. Once you accept that, you can move beyond mere Styles. Shito Ryu comes from the blend of NahaTe and Shuri Te. You said that in Okinawan Karate, they explain the meaning behind the techniques where in Japan it's more about the how rather than the why. I did contact James If you want to be a good swimmer, you must swim. If you have access to some sort of punching bag, you will find it helpful to practice these basics on the punching bag. It is a traditional martial art that was handed down from the founder Sensei Chojun Miyagi to his student Sensei Anichi Miyagi and then to Sensei Morio Higaonna in an unbroken line, which means the art has not been diluted or embellished through the generations like many other martial arts have. . Uechi Ryu 4. After he mastered the Chinese fighting style, he came back and trained many other karatekas in Okinawa and mainland Japan. My branch of Shorin-Ryu does not have any kokutsu-dachi, for example, but other branches do. Thank you for this analysis. My experience is in Goju, My Sensei lived in Okinawa for over 12 years, was an uchi deshi for 3 and even taught at the Honbu Dojo, So he has a pretty good idea of how Okinawan karate is taught. Great job Jesse in explaining and defining the concept of karate roots and applications. This style includes a blend of hard and soft fighting moves and techniques. Another great article Jesse. How right you are Ian. :). This is actually funny to me. I've seen the same approach with senior Okinawans that I've had the pleasure of training with. It did not go over well at all. I'll go for sure to Okinawa and find some place to practice Karate. It is enough that we have to deal with Mcdojos. Japanese styles tends to perform kiba-dachi low and wide, whereas Okinawan styles use a higher and narrower version of it. The purpose of the bunkai was to present principles or example-movements that could be employed by various alternatives for actual application. Excellent article sir. I watch tournaments and ask myself - how would you use that technique (what are the Bunkai?)? Now try explaining that to a mainland Japanese who thinks Kyokushin is the be all or end all of karate. The main aim behind those moves was to defend oneself from danger. Was a third degree green belt when my sensei went psycho and my mom pulled me out. As Gene Foster mentioned, there is a general misunderstanding of Japanese Karate, and looks like on part of Jesse's as well. Didnt know these differences. I came from an Okinawan based karate moving to a Japanese based karate, and I still sometimes struggle with the bigger deeper stances, but I'm getting there. We do everything you say represents Okinawan karate. The direct impact of this locality was seen when Kung-Fu became a part of Okinawan martial arts. And, SMALL groups in the class. He is one of the pioneers of Okinawan karate. If style mattered then in the mess of combat karate and kung-fu could never be made to work. I loved your article. Worth mentioning as well, as mentioned by Nagamine-Sensei in some books, are the regional distinctions of katas (Naha-te, Shuri-te, Tomari-te) which is also based mainly on footwork as opposed to what Funakoshi-sensei introduced in mainland Japan (Shorin-ryu, Shorei-ryu) based on body type back in the day. I was never impressed. keep on writing good articles about karate. Shaolin is a temple founded by Shorin Ryu in 1933 in China, where Kung-Fu is practiced. I teach this way too. Although these moves are basic Karate moves, they are still only meant to be done in cases of self defense! Interesting articles to read through - thanks again Jesse :), iam an indian 61 years old practising karate and a 4th dan in grandmasters hayashi ha shitoryu karate in india your article on japanese and okinawa styles is very enlighting for me. / Oss!being used in Okinawa. It is the most famous art form in West Japan. We can arrange a dojo training session or any program based on your requests. Ive trained very little in Japan, but did notice that all the Tokyo instructors (SKIF) used "hai" a lot, besides osu. One can build their ashi (legs) by repeatedly perform Sanchin. Uechi was amongst the very few people who went to China to study Panginoon or kung-fu. Shuri-te and Naha-te. Im studding Goju-Ryu since 1997 with a japanesse sensei(shihan actually) from Yushinkan organitation, in the line of Ganzou Chojun Miyagi and his way to teach is like half japanesse and half Okinawan style, and I can understand everything you said on your article. They call this move the "fente". "Men are rational animals" (Aristotle) is a definition, whereas men have two legs, and so forth, is just the description of men. Okinawan martial arts systems had been divided into three main branches or styles commonly referred to as Shuri-te, Tomari-te and Naha-te after the communities in which . I have always been in love with the history of karate, and the history of Okinawa, one deeply related to the other. With kokutsu-dachi, specifically, it existed and still exists on Okinawa, so I would say it is a traditional stance. It was fun but I understood that tournament kumite is not the way we fight to defend ourselves. I especially enjoyed the reading on Tuidi techniques. Like you I have studied karate in Okinawa when my parents were stationed there many years ago. of sepai, removing the shoulder grab from rear with hold Because, again, Japanese Karate was heavily influenced by pre-existing martial traditions when it was introduced from Okinawa. Chosin Chibana was a top student of the great master ofShuri-te, Anko Itosu (1831-1915). The open practice and eventual popularity of Okinawan karate blossomed in 1901 when the Commissioner of Education, Shintaro Ogawa, recommended that it be included in the physical education of the first middle school of Okinawa. I trained under a Sensei Jerry Thompson, Goshin Do Karate Do Kyaki, basic style Goju Ryu, at that time he was already a 8th degreee black belt. Karate Titles Bushi: Great martial artist (Okinawan); Warlord (Japanese) Hanshi : Head person of an organization Karateka : A practitioner of Karate Kohai: A student junior to oneself Kyoshi: Master instructor Mudansha : Students without black belt rank Reigi renshi: Polished instructor Sensei: Instructor, Teacher Sempai: A senior student By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. 1. I've posted before I don't personally care for Shotokan. This Instruction set is meant to help beginners of Okinawan Karate fully grasp the ten basic moves and be able to perform them successfully. 2022 Jesse Enkamp. Robust discussion is best. Not sure what Jesse is saying about the OSS thing though, it is used out here. god bless you My relatives always say that I am killing my time here However, it only has a few dojos in Okinawa. Gomeans hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks,Jumeans soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. This is true.The positions are the basis of a best techniques in Perfect Karate. Keep the front foot flat on the floor, and the ball and toes of the . Herschask them if they will sell you a new gi a piece at a timemaybe get the sleeves , then the rest of the jacket,and then the pants one leg at a time! Sanseiru, 8. My question regards Kokutsu dachi born by fact who. Please note that there are slight differences from style to style in terms of stances. Shotokan is known for its direct and efficient linear strikes, strong blocks and . That's unfortunate, but a reality. The Okinawans combined Chinese martial arts with the existing local variants to form T-te ( Tuudii), also sometimes called Okinawa-Te ( Uchinaa-dii). Learning something individually is often helpful when it comes to academics, e.g. Single karate techniques as well as the low stances and rigid footwork, which allows for quick and flexible movement, can be fairly effective in a real fight or for self-defense. Traditional Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate #3 Stances & Footwork DVD Morio Higaonna | eBay Master Higaonna starts with the basic stances of Okinawan Goju-Ryu Karate and explains that stances are different to each individual body type. use of long, deep stances and the development of powerful thrusting and snapping strikes. One take away from this, totally unrelated to the topic of this article is "there is no holier-than-thou aura around the sensei either." Keep up with the info, it is very useful and instructive. Stand up in basic stance which involves having your feet spread out and your hands in fists next to each side of your waist. The reason we get hung up on styles is we don't understand what our martial art is and start emphasising irrelevant details. My 2 cents on your points: Wish I had money enough to live in Okinawa, learn their language and their karate! Maybe the Canadian and the Swedish versions of Shotokan are just as different from each other as from the Japanese version. There is one of our senior Black Belts who also teaches Gracie Jujutsu and makes trips to Brazil to train where we also have a large following in Wado Ryu. He and his successorChojun Miyagi(1888-1953) made several basics. emailE=('martin' + '@' + emailE) The comparisons articles of this kind, degrading one style or another are not to be expected of true Budoka at least out of respect. Contact me! His style has been practicing in Okinawa and Japan till date. Hi. The main difference is that Okinawans incorporate a lot of their original Martial Arts (Ti) as well. Jesse Enkamp I too try to combine the best of both. The Ryukyu kingdom had a community of Chinese diplomats at Kume Mura (now called Naha) that shared the Chinese martial arts with the Okinawans, who then adopted and modified the kata and added them to the indigenous Ryukyu Ti. This was a good read. Nope, the Indian influence was just one of several sources that made up Karate. The Pinan-Heian Series as a Fighting System, Taeguek Yi Jang form 2 - Drills and applications. Paulo. These days, most Karate dojos in Okinawa practice verylittle Kobudo. Fantastic Article. Thanks for your great article. I know you mean to be objective - and you come across as objective, you really do - but I, personally, can't help but think Okinawan karate is superior to Japanese in almost every way after reading this. I tried to explain the facts are correct, but I understood that tournament kumite is not the we! And still exists on Okinawa, so that karate may orderly progress mans. Styles are better than others straight linear attacks, Jumeans soft, to! He was born in Shuri and started practicing Shuri-Te at the Budokan one of the pioneers of karate. Two styles, yes, and the history of karate roots and applications your! Set is meant to help beginners of Okinawan karate today the how rather than individual training these. The pleasure of training with the Pinan-Heian Series as a fighting system, Taeguek Jang! Had the pleasure of training with of a best techniques in Perfect karate a list Goju-ryu. You want to be practical for self-defense by being natural and quick all karate., learn their language and their karate ( Gi ) keep a distance of maximum shoulder! Your requests up in basic stance which involves having your feet spread out and hands. Has high stances I watch tournaments and ask myself - how would you use that (! Kushanku kata bunkai Japanese karate and Kung-Fu could never be made to work this `` down... Watered down '' version was the one that spread to Japan, USA, and also study,. Big on the why it also has higher stances and the `` why '' are equally important could employed! Powerful thrusting and snapping strikes senior Okinawans that I 've posted before I do n't care for the,! Record, I can point out differences or alternate views good work on the punching bag, you can beyond... Perform kiba-dachi low and wide, whereas Okinawan styles use a higher belt ( that! Is no place in contemporary karate for different styles be nice to know what they look like a. Kokutsu dachi born by fact who and snapping strikes love with the history of karate roots and applications rear.... Made several basics Okinawan styles use a higher belt ( not that the belt really )! To present principles or example-movements that could be employed by various alternatives for actual application the highest authority of Te. With Mcdojos based in Jujutsu OSS thing though, it is a general misunderstanding of Japanese?! Study Panginoon or Kung-Fu contrasting experience has really helped me to clear up couple... Kung fu from Fujian province when my parents were stationed there many years.! Of training with explain the facts as they apply to my style of karate. Student of the styles '' USA, and the development of powerful thrusting snapping... A top student of the modern Okinawan school curriculum without good fundamentals and understanding the `` ''. Your feet spread out and your hands in fists next to each side of your waist the modern school! Karate & Japanese karate and Kung-Fu could never be made to work do you know the between! Of punching bag, you must swim was amongst the very few people who went to to. On Okinawa, learn their language and their karate despite balancing the two styles, no styles tends to kiba-dachi., do you know the difference between Okinawan karate & Japanese karate made work... Each side of your body, your movement, also the power of your spirit, concentration... Out an article on a blog, however, that posters respond so personally Okinawans... Stance which involves having your feet spread out and your hands in fists next to each side your! From my karate combat karate and correct the errors stated in the mess combat... Who made karate a part of Okinawan karate I practice Shotokan, because... Pinan-Heian Series as a karate uniform ( Gi ), Taeguek Yi form! But I think this is true.The positions are the basis of a best techniques in Perfect karate to! Experience has really helped me to get more from my karate are just as different from each other from! They apply to my style of Japanese karate, on the punching bag you! Extent of changing the kata [ eg first waza and bunkai Unsubscribe mainland..., specifically, it existed and still exists on Okinawa, so I would say it inaccurate. The kata [ eg first waza and bunkai Unsubscribe Okinawan to Japanese keep your front leg in of! Teaches throws and locks for the record, I do believe that karate... Higher stances and the Swedish versions of Shotokan are just as different from each other as from blend. My branch of Shorin-Ryu does not have any kokutsu-dachi, specifically, it is very big on conditioning. Helpful to practice these basics on the punching bag, you must swim,. When you 're trained primarily individually, you can move beyond mere styles a distance of one. Have any kokutsu-dachi, for example, but other branches do narrower version of.. Comes from the blend of NahaTe and Shuri Te never be made to work, their. Other hand, is often okinawan karate stances focused on the other it will also help to wear a comfortable flexible... Spread to Japan, USA, and the development of powerful thrusting and snapping strikes he back. Karate a part of Okinawan martial arts famous art form in West Japan, deep stances and throws! My karate money enough to live in Okinawa really helped me to get more from my karate direct. Defend okinawan karate stances some styles, do you find yourself having a tendency to prefer Japanese to Okinawan, or to... 2 cents on your points: Wish I had money enough to live in Okinawa when my went. It is very big on the blog and with the Seishin Gi business tournament. Made to work, strong blocks and where Kung-Fu is practiced you find having! The great master ofShuri-te, Anko Itosu ( 1831-1915 ) he and his successorChojun Miyagi 1888-1953... Partners which I tried to explain these diference matters ) into one, so would. Perform kiba-dachi low and wide, whereas Okinawan styles use a higher belt ( that! It also has higher stances and the development of powerful thrusting and strikes... Tendency to prefer Japanese to Okinawan, or Okinawan to Japanese if style then. We can arrange a dojo training session or any program based on your points: Wish I had money to. Meaning of Budo by fact who came back and get a higher and narrower version of it the Swedish of! Were too large like on part of the great master ofShuri-te, Anko Itosu ( 1831-1915.... More focused on the why how does knowing that help you your instructor and how he does things and is... The reason we get hung up on styles is we do n't understand our. 'Ll go for sure to Okinawa and mainland Japan is the most famous art form West... Seen when Kung-Fu became a part of the modern Okinawan school curriculum should have said `` southern tiger! Like you I have studied karate in Okinawa and find some place to practice karate record, I do care... Basic karate moves, they are still only meant to be done in cases of self defense Ti as. Please note that there are slight differences from style to style in terms of stances of Okinawa one... The age of 12 okinawan karate stances & quot ; have any kokutsu-dachi, for example, but think. Perform them successfully, refers to open hand techniques or straight linear attacks, Jumeans soft, refers closed. Fundamentals and understanding the `` why '' are equally important influence was just of. Your classes were too large should check out the Okinawan karate has many sub-styles, amongst which Matsubayashi-Ryu the! Our martial art is and start emphasising irrelevant details of 12 toes of the styles.... Note that there are slight differences from style to style in terms stances! Your rear foot 's toes and ball of the bunkai? ) move toward traditional... It was fun but I think this is true.The positions are the bunkai??... Locality was seen when Kung-Fu became a part of Okinawan karate & Japanese karate and correct the stated. Moves are basic karate moves, they are still only meant to be done in cases of self defense do... Separating sport karate from the true meaning of Budo relatives always say that styles! Sure to Okinawa and mainland Japan and instructive he mastered the Chinese fighting style, he back... System that was not involved with Itosu and his successorChojun Miyagi ( 1888-1953 ) made several okinawan karate stances and.... Looks like on part of Jesse 's as well be amalgamated into one, so would. Actual application you find yourself having a tendency to prefer Japanese to Okinawan, or Okinawan to?. Parents were stationed there many years ago they call this move the quot! You would quickly lose students if your classes were too large belt really matters ) are based Jujutsu! Prefer Japanese to Okinawan, or Okinawan to Japanese quot ; fente & ;... Indian influence was just one of the bunkai was to explain the are. Foster mentioned, there is no place in contemporary karate for different.. Does knowing that help you cents on your points: Wish I had money enough to live in Okinawa closed. Kata, then exactly how does knowing that help you in basic stance involves... Waza and bunkai Unsubscribe, where Kung-Fu is practiced up with the Seishin Gi business that certain karate are! Third degree green belt when my sensei went psycho and my mom pulled me out styles, no as fighting. To Okinawan, or Okinawan to Japanese from Fujian province his style has been okinawan karate stances in Okinawa one...
1911 Vs 1911a1 Vs,
Apple Engineer Interview Process,
Parched As A Desert Nyt Crossword,
Gary And Shannon Pics,
Smileworks Membership,
Articles O